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Beautiful is better than ugly.
Explicit is better than implicit.
Simple is better than complex.
Complex is better than complicated.
Flat is better than nested.
Sparse is better than dense.
Readability counts.
Special cases aren't special enough to break the rules.
Although practicality beats purity.
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Unless explicitly silenced.
In the face of ambiguity, refuse the temptation to guess.
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Although that way may not be obvious at first unless you're Dutch.
Now is better than never.
Although never is often better than *right* now.
If the implementation is hard to explain, it's a bad idea.
If the implementation is easy to explain, it may be a good idea.
Namespaces are one honking great idea -- let's do more of those!

Easter Egg

1

>>> import this

What does the computer industry thrive on apart from anarchy?

Technology trends may push Silicon Valley back to the future. Carver Mead, a pioneer in integrated circuits and a professor of computer science at the California Institute of Technology, notes there are now work-stations that enable engineers to design, test and produce chips right on their desks, much the way an editor creates a newsletter on a Macintosh. As the time and cost of making a chip drop to a few days and a few hundred dollars, engineers may soon be free to let their imaginations soar without being penalized by expensive failures. Mead predicts that inventors will be able to perfect powerful customized chips over a weekend at the office—spawning a new generation of garage start-ups and giving the U.S. a jump on its foreign rivals in getting new products to market fast. ‘We’re got more garages with smart people,’ Mead observes. ‘We really thrive on anarchy.’

And on Asians. Already, orientals and Asian Americans constitute the majority of the engineering staffs at many Valley firms. And Chinese, Korean, Filipino and Indian engineers are graduating in droves from California’s colleges. As the heads of next-generation start-ups, these Asian innovators can draw on customs and languages to forge righter links with crucial Pacific Rim markets. For instance, Alex Au, a Stanford Ph. D. from Hong Kong, has set up a Taiwan factory to challenge Japan’s near lock on the memory-chip market. India-born N.Damodar Reddy’s tiny California company reopened an AT & T chip plant in Kansas City last spring with financing from the state of Missouri. Before it becomes a retirement village, Silicon Valley may prove a classroom for building a global business.

文章结构分析

第一段：技术革新带来的机遇

• 主题：低成本芯片制造技术降低创业门槛
• 关键点：
  • 工作站技术使芯片设计民主化
  • 成本从高昂降至几百美元
  • 鼓励创新、容忍失败
  • 美国的”车库文化”优势

第二段：亚洲人才的作用

• 主题：亚裔工程师成为硅谷核心力量
• 关键点：
  • 亚裔占工程团队多数
  • 利用文化和语言优势
  • 连接环太平洋市场
  • 具体案例：Alex Au、N. Damodar Reddy

文化背景

• Silicon Valley（硅谷）：美国科技创新中心
• Garage start-ups（车库创业）：硅谷传奇，如苹果、惠普都起源于车库
• Pacific Rim（环太平洋地区）：指亚太经济圈
• Memory chip market（内存芯片市场）：当时日本占主导地位

这篇文章写于20世纪末，预见了亚裔人才在科技产业中的重要作用，以及全球化对硅谷发展的影响。

逐句翻译与讲解

第一段

原文： Technology trends may push Silicon Valley back to the future.

翻译： 技术趋势可能会把硅谷推回到未来。

讲解：

• push… back to… 推回到…
• “back to the future” 是个巧妙的说法，意思是回归到早期车库创业的模式，但用的是未来的技术

原文： Carver Mead, a pioneer in integrated circuits and a professor of computer science at the California Institute of Technology, notes there are now work-stations that enable engineers to design, test and produce chips right on their desks, much the way an editor creates a newsletter on a Macintosh.

翻译： 卡弗·米德，集成电路的先驱、加州理工学院的计算机科学教授，指出现在有些工作站能让工程师在自己的办公桌上设计、测试和生产芯片，就像编辑在苹果电脑上制作通讯稿一样。

讲解：

• Carver Mead 是主语，中间是同位语（身份介绍）
• notes = 指出，注意到
• enable sb to do sth = 使某人能够做某事
• right on their desks = 就在他们的桌上（right 强调”就在”）
• much the way = 就像…的方式一样
• Macintosh = 苹果电脑（Mac）

原文： As the time and cost of making a chip drop to a few days and a few hundred dollars, engineers may soon be free to let their imaginations soar without being penalized by expensive failures.

翻译： 随着制造芯片的时间和成本降到几天和几百美元，工程师们可能很快就能自由地让想象力翱翔，而不会因昂贵的失败而受到惩罚。

讲解：

• As… = 随着…（时间状语从句）
• drop to = 降到
• be free to do = 自由地做某事
• let imagination soar = 让想象力翱翔
• without being penalized by = 不会因…而受罚
• expensive failures = 昂贵的失败（指失败的代价很高）

原文： Mead predicts that inventors will be able to perfect powerful customized chips over a weekend at the office—spawning a new generation of garage start-ups and giving the U.S. a jump on its foreign rivals in getting new products to market fast.

翻译： 米德预测，发明家们将能够在办公室用一个周末的时间完善强大的定制芯片——催生新一代车库创业公司，并使美国在快速将新产品推向市场方面领先于外国竞争对手。

讲解：

• predict that… = 预测…
• be able to perfect = 能够完善
• customized chips = 定制芯片
• over a weekend = 在一个周末期间
• spawning = 催生（现在分词作结果状语）
• give sb a jump on = 使某人领先于…
• get products to market = 将产品推向市场

原文： ‘We’ve got more garages with smart people,’ Mead observes.

翻译： “我们有更多车库和聪明人，”米德说道。

讲解：

• We’ve got = We have（口语化表达）
• garages with smart people = 有聪明人的车库（指车库创业文化）
• observes = 评论道，说道

原文： ‘We really thrive on anarchy.’

翻译： “我们真的在无序状态中茁壮成长。”

讲解：

• thrive on = 依靠…而繁荣
• anarchy = 无政府状态、混乱（这里指自由宽松的创新环境）

第二段

原文： And on Asians.

翻译： 还有（依靠）亚洲人。

讲解：

• 这是个省略句，完整应为：We also thrive on Asians
• 承接上文的 “thrive on anarchy”
• 简短有力，强调亚裔的重要性

原文： Already, orientals and Asian Americans constitute the majority of the engineering staffs at many Valley firms.

翻译： 东方人和亚裔美国人已经构成了硅谷许多公司工程团队的大多数。

讲解：

• Already = 已经（强调现状）
• orientals = 东方人（较老的说法，现在多用 Asians）
• constitute = 构成
• the majority of = …的大多数
• engineering staffs = 工程人员
• Valley firms = 硅谷公司（Valley 指 Silicon Valley）

原文： And Chinese, Korean, Filipino and Indian engineers are graduating in droves from California’s colleges.

翻译： 而且中国、韩国、菲律宾和印度的工程师正成群结队地从加州的大学毕业。

讲解：

• Chinese, Korean, Filipino and Indian = 中国、韩国、菲律宾和印度（裔）
• are graduating = 正在毕业（现在进行时表示持续的状态）
• in droves = 成群结队地、大批地
• from California’s colleges = 从加州的大学

原文： As the heads of next-generation start-ups, these Asian innovators can draw on customs and languages to forge tighter links with crucial Pacific Rim markets.

翻译： 作为下一代创业公司的领导者，这些亚洲创新者可以利用习俗和语言与至关重要的环太平洋市场建立更紧密的联系。

讲解：

• As the heads of = 作为…的领导者
• next-generation start-ups = 下一代创业公司
• draw on = 利用、凭借
• customs and languages = 习俗和语言
• forge links with = 与…建立联系
• tighter links = 更紧密的联系
• crucial = 至关重要的
• Pacific Rim markets = 环太平洋市场

原文： For instance, Alex Au, a Stanford Ph.D. from Hong Kong, has set up a Taiwan factory to challenge Japan’s near lock on the memory-chip market.

翻译： 例如，来自香港的斯坦福博士 Alex Au 在台湾建立了一家工厂，挑战日本对内存芯片市场近乎垄断的地位。

讲解：

• For instance = 例如
• a Stanford Ph.D. from Hong Kong = 来自香港的斯坦福博士（同位语）
• has set up = 已经建立
• to challenge = 为了挑战（不定式表目的）
• near lock on = 近乎垄断
• memory-chip market = 内存芯片市场

原文： India-born N. Damodar Reddy’s tiny California company reopened an AT&T chip plant in Kansas City last spring with financing from the state of Missouri.

翻译： 出生于印度的 N. Damodar Reddy 的加州小公司去年春天在密苏里州的资助下，重新开放了 AT&T 在堪萨斯城的芯片工厂。

讲解：

• India-born = 出生于印度的（复合形容词）
• tiny California company = 加州小公司
• reopened = 重新开放
• chip plant = 芯片工厂
• last spring = 去年春天
• with financing from = 在…的资助下
• the state of Missouri = 密苏里州

原文： Before it becomes a retirement village, Silicon Valley may prove a classroom for building a global business.

翻译： 在成为退休村之前，硅谷可能会成为建立全球业务的课堂。

讲解：

• Before it becomes = 在它成为…之前
• retirement village = 退休村（暗指硅谷可能衰落）
• may prove = 可能证明是
• a classroom for = …的课堂
• building a global business = 建立全球业务

深层含义： 作者暗示硅谷如果不利用好亚裔人才和全球化机遇，可能会衰落；但如果把握住机会，就能成为全球商业的典范。

核心词汇详解

1. thrive /θraɪv/

• 词性：动词
• 含义：茁壮成长、兴旺发达
• 用法：thrive on sth（依靠某事物而繁荣）
• 例句：
  • “We really thrive on anarchy”（我们真的在无序中茁壮成长）
  • Some people thrive on pressure（有些人在压力下反而干得更好）

2. anarchy /ˈænərki/

• 词性：名词
• 含义：无政府状态、混乱、无序
• 语境理解：这里指硅谷宽松自由、不受束缚的创新环境
• 相关词：anarchic (adj. 无政府的)

3. circuits /ˈsɜːrkɪts/

• 词性：名词
• 含义：电路
• 短语：integrated circuits（集成电路，IC芯片）
• 注意：circuit 还有”巡回、环行”的意思

4. soar /sɔːr/

• 词性：动词
• 含义：翱翔、高飞；激增
• 用法：
  • let imagination soar（让想象力翱翔）
  • Prices soared（价格飙升）

5. penalized /ˈpiːnəlaɪzd/

• 词性：动词（过去分词）
• 含义：惩罚、处罚
• 用法：be penalized by/for（因…受罚）
• 例句：without being penalized by expensive failures（不会因昂贵的失败而受罚）

6. spawning /spɔːnɪŋ/

• 词性：动词（现在分词）
• 含义：产生、引发、催生
• 原意：（鱼类）产卵
• 引申义：大量产生
• 例句：spawning a new generation of start-ups（催生新一代创业公司）

7. orientals /ˌɔːriˈentlz/

• 词性：名词
• 含义：东方人
• 注意：现代英语中这个词有时被认为带有冒犯性，更推荐使用 “Asians”

8. droves /droʊvz/

• 词性：名词
• 含义：群、大批
• 固定搭配：in droves（成群结队地、大批地）
• 例句：graduating in droves（成批毕业）

9. crucial /ˈkruːʃl/

• 词性：形容词
• 含义：至关重要的、关键的
• 同义词：critical, vital, essential
• 例句：crucial Pacific Rim markets（至关重要的环太平洋市场）

What important thing did King Alfred learn when he penetrated the Danish camp of Guthrum?

Alfred the Great acted his own spy, visiting Danish camps disguised as a minstrel. In those days wandering minstrels were welcome everywhere. They were not fighting men, and their harp was their passport. Alfred had learned many of their ballads in his youth, and could vary his programme with acrobatic tricks and simple conjuring.

While Alfred’s little army slowly began to gather at Athelney, the king himself set out to penetrate the camp of Guthrum, the commander of the Danish invaders. There had settled down for the winter at Chippenham: thither Alfred went. He noticed at once that discipline was slack: the Danes had the self-confidence of conquerors, and their security precautions were casual. They lived well, on the proceeds of raids on neighbouring regions. There they collected women as well as food and drink, and a life of ease had made them soft.

What makes trading between rich countries difficult?

Chickens slaughtered in the United States, claim officials in Brussels, are not fit to grace European tables. No, say the American: our fowl are fine, we simply clean them in a different way. These days, it is differences in national regulations, far more than tariffs, that put sand in the wheels of trade between rich countries. It is not just farmers who are complaining. An electric razor that meets the European Union’s safety standards must be approved by American testers before it can be sold in the United States, and an American-made dialysis machine needs the EU’s okay before is hits the market in Europe.

As it happens, a razor that is safe in Europe is unlikely to electrocute Americans. So, ask businesses on both sides of the Atlantic, why have two lots of tests where one would do? Politicians agree, in principle, so America and the EU have been trying to reach a deal which would eliminate the need to double-test many products. They hope to finish in time for a trade summit between America and the EU on May 28TH. Although negotiators are optimistic, the details are complex enough that they may be hard-pressed to get a deal at all.

Why? One difficulty is to construct the agreements. The Americans would happily reach one accord on standards for medical devices and then hammer out different pacts covering, say, electronic goods and drug manufacturing. The EU—following fine continental traditions—wants agreement on general principles, which could be applied to many types of products and perhaps extended to other countries.

In what way does echo-location in bats play an utilitarian role?

Not all sounds made by animals serve as language, and we have only to turn to that extraordinary discovery of echo-location in bats to see a case in which the voice plays a strictly utilitarian role.

To get a full appreciation of what this means we must turn first to some recent human inventions. Everyone knows that if he shouts in the vicinity of a wall or a mountainside, an echo will come back. The further off this solid obstruction, the longer time will elapse for the return of the echo. A sound made by tapping on the hull of a ship will be reflected from the sea bottom, and by measuring the time interval between the taps and the receipt of the echoes, the depth of the sea at that point can be calculated. So was born the echo-sounding apparatus, now in general use in ships. Every solid object will reflect a sound, varying according to the size and nature of the object. A shoal of fish will do this. So it is a comparatively simple step from locating the sea bottom to locating a shoal of fish. With experience, and with improved apparatus, it is now possible not only to locate a shoal but to tell if it is herring, cod, or other well-known fish, by the pattern of its echo.

It has been found that certain bats emit squeaks and by receiving the echoes, they can locate and steer clear of obstacles—or locate flying insects on which they feed. This echo-location in bats is often compared with radar, the principle of which is similar.

重点句子精讲与翻译

第一段重点句

句子1️⃣

原文：

Not all sounds made by animals serve as language, and we have only to turn to that extraordinary discovery of echo-location in bats to see a case in which the voice plays a strictly utilitarian role.

结构分析：

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主句1: Not all sounds ... serve as language
     (部分否定)

连接词: and

主句2: we have only to turn to ... to see ...
     (只需要...就能看到...)
     
定语从句: in which the voice plays a strictly utilitarian role
        (修饰 a case)

逐词翻译：

• Not all = 并非所有（部分否定，不是”所有都不”）
• sounds made by animals = 动物发出的声音
• serve as = 充当，作为
• we have only to do sth = 我们只需做某事
• turn to = 转向，查看
• extraordinary discovery = 非凡的发现
• echo-location = 回声定位
• a case in which = 一个…的例子
• strictly utilitarian role = 纯粹实用的角色

参考译文：
并非所有动物发出的声音都具有语言功能，我们只需看看蝙蝠回声定位这一非凡发现，就能明白声音在某些情况下纯粹起着实用性作用。

翻译要点：

• “Not all” 要译成”并非所有”，不能译成”所有都不”
• “have only to” 强调”只需要”的简单性
• “strictly utilitarian” 强调”纯粹的实用性”

第二段重点句

句子2️⃣

原文：

Everyone knows that if he shouts in the vicinity of a wall or a mountainside, an echo will come back.

结构分析：

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主句: Everyone knows that...
宾语从句: if he shouts..., an echo will come back
         (条件状语从句 + 主句)

逐词翻译：

• in the vicinity of = 在…附近，在…邻近
• mountainside = 山坡，山腰
• echo = 回声
• come back = 返回

参考译文：
每个人都知道，如果在墙壁或山坡附近大喊，就会听到回声返回。

句子3️⃣ ⭐ 重点难句

原文：

A sound made by tapping on the hull of a ship will be reflected from the sea bottom, and by measuring the time interval between the taps and the receipt of the echoes, the depth of the sea at that point can be calculated.

结构分析：

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第一部分：
主语: A sound (made by tapping on the hull)
      [过去分词短语作定语]
谓语: will be reflected from...

第二部分：
方式状语: by measuring the time interval...
主语: the depth of the sea
谓语: can be calculated

逐词翻译：

• tap on = 敲击
• hull = 船体
• be reflected from = 从…反射回来
• sea bottom = 海底
• measuring = 测量
• time interval = 时间间隔
• between A and B = 在A和B之间
• the receipt of the echoes = 接收回声
• at that point = 在那个位置

参考译文：
敲击船体发出的声音会从海底反射回来，通过测量敲击声和接收回声之间的时间间隔，就可以计算出该处的海水深度。

翻译技巧：

• “made by tapping” 后置定语前置翻译：”敲击…发出的”
• “by measuring” 方式状语提前更符合中文习惯
• “at that point” 译为”该处”更简洁

句子4️⃣

原文：

So was born the echo-sounding apparatus, now in general use in ships.

结构分析：

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倒装句: So was born the apparatus
正常语序: So the apparatus was born

插入语: now in general use in ships
       (现在在船上普遍使用)

逐词翻译：

• So was born = 于是…诞生了（倒装强调）
• echo-sounding apparatus = 回声测深仪
• in general use = 普遍使用，广泛应用
• now = 现在

参考译文：
回声测深仪就这样诞生了，现在已在船舶上普遍使用。

语法点：

• 倒装句用于强调”诞生”这个动作
• “now in general use” 是插入语，补充说明现状

句子5️⃣ ⭐ 重点难句

原文：

Every solid object will reflect a sound, varying according to the size and nature of the object.

结构分析：

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主句: Every solid object will reflect a sound

现在分词短语作状语: varying according to...
                  (表示伴随情况)

逐词翻译：

• solid object = 固体物体
• reflect = 反射
• varying = 变化（现在分词）
• according to = 根据，按照
• nature = 性质，特性

参考译文：
每个固体物体都会反射声音，反射效果因物体的大小和性质而异。

翻译技巧：

• “varying according to” 直译是”根据…而变化”
• 意译为”因…而异”更地道

句子6️⃣

原文：

So it is a comparatively simple step from locating the sea bottom to locating a shoal of fish.

结构分析：

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主语: it (形式主语)
真正主语: from locating... to locating...
         (从...到...)

逐词翻译：

• comparatively = 相对地，比较地
• simple step = 简单的一步
• from A to B = 从A到B
• locate = 定位
• shoal of fish = 鱼群

参考译文：
因此，从定位海底到定位鱼群，这是一个相对简单的进步。

句子7️⃣ ⭐ 最难句

原文：

With experience, and with improved apparatus, it is now possible not only to locate a shoal but to tell if it is herring, cod, or other well-known fish, by the pattern of its echo.

结构分析：

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状语1: With experience
状语2: with improved apparatus
形式主语: it
真正主语: to locate... but to tell...
         (not only... but (also)... 结构)
方式状语: by the pattern of its echo

逐词翻译：

• with experience = 凭借经验
• improved apparatus = 改进的设备
• it is possible to do = 有可能做某事
• not only… but (also)… = 不仅…而且…
• tell if = 判断是否
• by the pattern of = 通过…的模式
• echo = 回声

参考译文：
凭借经验和改进的设备，现在不仅可以定位鱼群，还可以通过回声的模式来判断是鲱鱼、鳕鱼还是其他常见鱼类。

翻译难点：

1. 两个”with”状语的处理
2. “not only… but” 结构要完整体现
3. “by the pattern” 方式状语的位置调整

第三段重点句

句子8️⃣

原文：

It has been found that certain bats emit squeaks and by receiving the echoes, they can locate and steer clear of obstacles—or locate flying insects on which they feed.

结构分析：

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主句: It has been found that...
宾语从句主干: bats emit squeaks and they can locate...
方式状语: by receiving the echoes
定语从句: on which they feed (修饰 insects)

逐词翻译：

• it has been found that = 已经发现（现在完成时被动）
• certain bats = 某些蝙蝠
• emit = 发出
• squeaks = 尖叫声，吱吱声
• by receiving = 通过接收
• steer clear of = 避开
• obstacles = 障碍物
• on which they feed = 它们以此为食

参考译文：
研究发现，某些蝙蝠会发出尖叫声，通过接收回声，它们可以定位并避开障碍物——或者定位它们捕食的飞行昆虫。

翻译要点：

• “It has been found” 可译为”研究发现”更自然
• 破折号表示补充说明
• “on which they feed” 译为”它们捕食的”

句子9️⃣

原文：

This echo-location in bats is often compared with radar, the principle of which is similar.

结构分析：

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主句: This echo-location is compared with radar
非限定性定语从句: the principle of which is similar
                (= whose principle is similar)

逐词翻译：

• be compared with = 被拿来与…比较
• radar = 雷达
• the principle of which = 其原理（= whose principle）
• similar = 相似的

参考译文：
蝙蝠的这种回声定位常被拿来与雷达相比较，两者的原理相似。

核心翻译技巧总结

How does the writer describe sport at the international level?

I am always amazed when I hear people saying that sport create goodwill between nations, and that if only the common peoples of the world could meet one another at football or cricket, they would have no inclination to meet on the battle field. Even if one didn’t know from concrete examples (the 1936 Olympic Games, for instance) that international sporting contests lead to orgies of hatred, one could deduce it from general principles.

Nearly all the sports practised nowadays are competitive. You play to win, and the game has little meaning unless you do your utmost to win. On the village green, where you pick up sides and no feeling of local patriotism is involved, it is possible to play simply for the fun and exercise: but as soon as the question of prestige arises, as soon as you feel that you and some larger unit will be disgraced if you lose, the most savage combative instincts are aroused. Anyone who has played even in a school football match knows this. At the international level, sport is frankly mimic warfare. But the significant thing is not the behavior of the players but the attitude of the spectators; and, behind the spectators, of the nations who work themselves into feries over these absurd contests, and seriously believe—at any rate for short periods—that running, jumping and kicking a ball are tests of national virtue.

📖 全文翻译与深度讲解

🎯 第一段：反驳”体育促进和平”论

原文：

I am always amazed when I hear people saying that sport create goodwill between nations, and that if only the common peoples of the world could meet one another at football or cricket, they would have no inclination to meet on the battle field.

翻译：

每当我听到人们说体育能在国家之间创造友好关系，说如果世界各国的普通民众能在足球场或板球场上相遇，他们就不会有意愿在战场上相见时，我总是感到惊讶。

讲解：

• 🎭 修辞手法：”amazed”表达强烈的不认同
• ⚔️ 对比：football/cricket（和平） vs battlefield（战争）
• 💭 讽刺：暗示这种想法很天真

原文：

Even if one didn’t know from concrete examples (the 1936 Olympic Games, for instance) that international sporting contests lead to orgies of hatred, one could deduce it from general principles.

翻译：

即使人们不知道具体的例子（比如1936年奥运会），不知道国际体育比赛会导致仇恨的狂欢，也可以从一般原理中推断出这一点。

讲解：

• 📅 历史证据：1936年柏林奥运会（纳粹德国利用奥运进行政治宣传）
• 🔥 关键词：”orgies of hatred”（仇恨的狂欢）
  • “orgies”原意是纵欲狂欢，这里指仇恨情绪的极度爆发
• 🧠 论证方式：既有实例，又有逻辑推理

🏆 第二段：体育竞争的本质

原文：

Nearly all the sports practised nowadays are competitive. You play to win, and the game has little meaning unless you do your utmost to win.

翻译：

如今实行的几乎所有体育运动都是竞技性的。你参赛是为了获胜，除非你全力以赴去赢，否则比赛就没什么意义。

讲解：

• ⚡ 核心观点：现代体育 = 竞争
• 🎯 目的性：”play to win”（为赢而赛）
• 📊 绝对化：”little meaning unless…”（否则毫无意义）

原文：

On the village green, where you pick up sides and no feeling of local patriotism is involved, it is possible to play simply for the fun and exercise:

翻译：

在乡村草地上，你随意分组，不涉及任何地方爱国主义情感时，确实可能只是为了娱乐和锻炼而比赛：

讲解：

• 🌳 理想场景：”village green”（乡村草地）象征纯粹、简单
• 👥 随意性：”pick up sides”（随便分队）
• ✅ 关键条件：”no feeling of local patriotism”（无爱国情感）
• 🎈 纯粹动机：”fun and exercise”（娱乐和锻炼）

原文：

but as soon as the question of prestige arises, as soon as you feel that you and some larger unit will be disgraced if you lose, the most savage combative instincts are aroused.

翻译：

但一旦涉及声誉问题，一旦你感到如果输了，你和你所代表的某个更大群体将蒙受耻辱，最野蛮的好斗本能就会被激发出来。

讲解：

• 🔑 转折点：”as soon as”（一旦…就…）重复使用，强调转变的迅速
• 🏅 关键词解析：
  • prestige（声誉/威望）：个人荣誉上升到集体层面
  • disgraced（蒙羞）：失败 = 耻辱
  • savage（野蛮的）：原始、不文明
  • combative instincts（好斗本能）：人类的攻击性
• ⚠️ 心理机制：集体荣誉感 → 激发原始攻击性

原文：

Anyone who has played even in a school football match knows this.

翻译：

任何参加过哪怕只是校园足球比赛的人都知道这一点。

讲解：

• 👤 诉诸经验：从个人体验出发，增强说服力
• 📉 降低门槛：”even in a school match”（即使是校园比赛）
• 💡 暗示：连学校层面都如此，何况国际层面

⚔️ 第三段：国际体育的真相

原文：

At the international level, sport is frankly mimic warfare.

翻译：

在国际层面，体育坦率地说就是模拟战争。

讲解：

• 💣 核心论断：全文最重要的一句话
• 🎭 关键词：
  • frankly（坦率地说）：直言不讳，揭开伪装
  • mimic（模拟/模仿）：不是真战争，但本质相同
  • warfare（战争）：最强烈的比喻
• 🔍 深意：体育 = 不流血的战争

原文：

But the significant thing is not the behavior of the players but the attitude of the spectators;

翻译：

但重要的不是运动员的行为，而是观众的态度；

讲解：

• 🎯 焦点转移：从球员 → 观众
• 👥 真正问题：观众代表民众情绪
• 🔄 逻辑递进：准备引出更深层次的问题

原文：

and, behind the spectators, of the nations who work themselves into furies over these absurd contests,

翻译：

而在观众背后，是那些为这些荒谬的竞赛让自己陷入狂怒的国家，

讲解：

• 🎭 层层递进：球员 → 观众 → 国家
• 🌪️ 关键词：
  • work themselves into furies（让自己陷入狂怒）
    • 主动使自己狂怒，强调非理性
  • absurd contests（荒谬的竞赛）
    • 作者的价值判断：体育比赛本质上很荒谬
• 🏛️ 国家层面：上升到政治高度

原文：

and seriously believe—at any rate for short periods—that running, jumping and kicking a ball are tests of national virtue.

翻译：

并且认真地相信——至少在短时间内——跑步、跳跃和踢球是对民族美德的考验。

讲解：

• 😂 极度讽刺：
  • running, jumping and kicking a ball（跑、跳、踢球）
    • 用最简单的动词描述，凸显荒谬
  • national virtue（民族美德）
    • 高大上的词汇，形成强烈反差
• ⏰ 时间限定：”at any rate for short periods”（至少短期内）
  • 暗示这种狂热是暂时的、非理性的
• 🎪 核心讽刺：简单的体育动作 ≠ 民族道德优越性

📊 文章结构图解

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理想观点：体育促进和平
        ↓
      ❌ 反驳
        ↓
实际情况：体育引发仇恨
        ↓
   原因分析：
        ↓
村庄级别 → 学校级别 → 国际级别
（娱乐）  （荣誉）   （战争）
        ↓
   问题根源：
        ↓
球员 → 观众 → 国家
      （民族主义狂热）

🎨 写作特色总结

1️⃣ 论证手法

• ✅ 对比论证（理想 vs 现实）
• ✅ 递进论证（村庄 → 学校 → 国际）
• ✅ 举例论证（1936奥运会）
• ✅ 经验论证（校园足球赛）

2️⃣ 修辞技巧

• 🎭 讽刺：absurd contests, national virtue
• 🔥 夸张：orgies of hatred, furies
• ⚔️ 比喻：mimic warfare
• 📉 降格：将高尚的体育降为简单动作

3️⃣ 语言风格

• 💪 直接有力：”frankly”
• 🎯 精准用词：savage, combative, disgraced
• 🌊 节奏感强：多次使用”as soon as”

💭 深层思考

作者真正批判的是什么？

现实意义

• 🌍 世界杯、奥运会期间的民族情绪
• 🏴 体育成为政治工具
• 👥 群体狂热的危险性

📝 重点句型与表达

1. I am always amazed when…

   • 表达强烈不认同的句型

2. as soon as… the most savage instincts are aroused

   • 描述心理转变的经典结构

3. frankly speaking / to be frank

   • 坦率表达观点

4. work oneself into…

   • 使自己陷入某种状态

总结：这是一篇犀利的批判性散文，作者通过层层递进的论证，揭示了国际体育背后的民族主义本质，文笔辛辣，论证有力，是经典的议论文范本。🎯

How does the writer like to treat young people?

People are always talking about ‘the problem of youth’. If there is one — which I take leave to doubt — then it is older people who create it, not the young themselves. Let us get down to fundamentals and agree that the young are after all human beings — people just like their elders. There is only one difference between an old man and a young one: the young man has a glorious future before him and the old one has a splendid future behind him: and maybe that is where the rub is.

When I was a teenager, I felt that I was just young and uncertain — that I was a new boy in a huge school, and I would have been very pleased to be regarded as something so interesting as a problem. For one thing, being a problem gives you a certain identity, and that is one of the things the young are busily engaged in seeking.

I find young people exciting. They have an air of freedom, and they have not a dreary commitment to mean ambitions or love of comfort. They are not anxious social climbers, and they have no devotion to material things. All this seems to me to link them with life, and the origins of things. It’s as if they were, in some sense, cosmic beings in violent and lovely contrast with us suburban creatures. All that is in my mind when I meet a young person. He may be conceited, ill-mannered, presumptuous or fatuous, but I do not turn for protection to dreary cliches about respect for elders — as if mere age were a reason for respsect. I accept that we are equal, and I will argue with him, as an equal, if I think he is wrong.

📘 深度解析：《如何对待年轻人》

🎯 文章结构图

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引言：驳斥"青年问题"
        ↓
个人经历：理解年轻人的需求
        ↓
核心观点：欣赏+平等对待

📖 逐句精讲

第一段：破除偏见

句1-2:

“People are always talking about ‘the problem of youth’. If there is one—which I take leave to doubt—then it is older people who create it, not the young themselves.”

解析:

• “take leave to doubt” = 恕我怀疑(礼貌的质疑表达)
• 强调句 “it is…who…” 强调是老年人制造问题
• 逻辑: 即使有问题,责任也在老年人

句3:

“Let us get down to fundamentals and agree that the young are after all human beings—people just like their elders.”

解析:

• get down to fundamentals = 回归本质
• after all = 毕竟,归根结底
• 核心论点: 年轻人=人类=和老年人一样

句4-5:

“There is only one difference between an old man and a young one: the young man has a glorious future before him and the old one has a splendid future behind him: and maybe that is where the rub is.”

解析:

• 对比修辞:
  • before him (在前方) ↔ behind him (在身后)
  • glorious (光辉的) ↔ splendid (辉煌的)
• “where the rub is” = 问题所在(出自莎士比亚《哈姆雷特》)
• 深层含义: 老年人可能嫉妒年轻人的未来,这才是代际冲突的根源

第二段：同理心视角

句1:

“When I was a teenager, I felt that I was just young and uncertain—that I was a new boy in a huge school…”

解析:

• 比喻: 青少年 = 大学校里的新生
• 体现年轻人的感受:渺小、不确定、缺乏归属感

句2:

“…and I would have been very pleased to be regarded as something so interesting as a problem.”

解析:

• 反讽手法: 被当作”问题”反而是好事
• 原因: 至少说明被关注了,有存在感

句3:

“For one thing, being a problem gives you a certain identity, and that is one of the things the young are busily engaged in seeking.”

解析:

• 核心洞察: 年轻人最需要的是身份认同(identity)
• “busily engaged in seeking” = 忙于寻找
• 揭示青春期的本质任务:自我定位

第三段：作者的态度(重点段)

Part 1: 欣赏年轻人的品质

“I find young people exciting.”

解析:

• 开门见山表明态度:exciting(令人兴奋的,而非troublesome麻烦的)

“They have an air of freedom, and they have not a dreary commitment to mean ambitions or love of comfort.”

解析:

• an air of freedom = 自由的气息/氛围
• not…dreary commitment to mean ambitions = 没有对卑微野心的沉闷执着
  • dreary = 沉闷乏味的
  • mean = 卑微的、低劣的(指功利性的小目标)
  • 对比: 年轻人有理想主义,不像成年人只追求实际利益

“They are not anxious social climbers, and they have no devotion to material things.”

解析:

• anxious social climbers = 焦虑的社会攀登者(指热衷于提升社会地位的人)
• devotion to material things = 对物质的热衷
• 总结年轻人的优点:
  1. ✅ 不功利
  2. ✅ 不攀附权贵
  3. ✅ 不物质主义

Part 2: 哲学性比喻

“All this seems to me to link them with life, and the origins of things.”

解析:

• link them with life = 把他们与生命本质联系起来
• the origins of things = 万物的起源
• 含义: 年轻人更接近生命的本真状态

“It’s as if they were, in some sense, cosmic beings in violent and lovely contrast with us suburban creatures.”

解析:

• 核心对比:

• violent and lovely contrast = 激烈而美好的对比

  • violent = 强烈的、激烈的(褒义)
  • 体现年轻人的生命力

• suburban 的隐喻:

  • 字面:郊区的
  • 引申:安于现状、缺乏冒险精神、生活模式化

Part 3: 实践原则

“All that is in my mind when I meet a young person.”

解析:

• 以上想法是作者遇到年轻人时的预设态度
• 先入为主地欣赏,而非挑剔

“He may be conceited, ill-mannered, presumptuous or fatuous…”

解析:

• 列举年轻人可能的缺点:
  • conceited = 自负的,自大的
  • ill-mannered = 没礼貌的
  • presumptuous = 放肆的,冒昧的
  • fatuous = 愚蠢的,昏庸的

“…but I do not turn for protection to dreary clichés about respect for elders—as if mere age were a reason for respect.”

解析:

• turn for protection to = 求助于…来保护自己
• dreary clichés = 陈腐的老生常谈
  • 指”尊敬长辈”这类说教
• 破折号后的解释:
  • as if mere age were a reason for respect = 好像仅仅年龄就是值得尊重的理由
  • 虚拟语气(were) 表示作者认为这是不成立的假设

核心观点: 年龄本身不值得尊重,值得尊重的是人品和智慧

“I accept that we are equals, and I will argue with him, as an equal, if I think he is wrong.”

解析:

• 三次强调”equal”(平等):

  1. we are equals
  2. as an equal
  3. argue with him(辩论,而非训斥)

• argue 的积极含义:

  • 不是吵架,而是理性讨论
  • 体现尊重对方的思考能力

🎨 写作手法分析

1. 对比手法

2. 反讽(Irony)

• “被当作问题反而高兴” → 揭示年轻人渴望被关注
• “尊重长辈的陈词滥调” → 讽刺以年龄压人的做法

3. 比喻(Metaphor)

• 新生 vs 大学校 → 年轻人的不确定感
• 宇宙生命 vs 郊区生物 → 本质 vs 平庸
• 未来在前 vs 过去在后 → 时间的方向性

4. 排比(Parallelism)

• “not…dreary commitment / not…anxious climbers / no devotion…”
• “conceited, ill-mannered, presumptuous or fatuous”
• 增强语气,强化观点

💡 深层主题

1. 代际关系的本质

• 不是”问题 vs 解决者”
• 而是”平等的人 vs 平等的人”

2. 尊重的真正含义

• ❌ 不是基于年龄的等级制度
• ✅ 是基于人格的相互理解

3. 青春的价值

• 不在于”完美”
• 而在于”生命力”和”可能性”

4. 成年人的反思

• 是否失去了理想主义?
• 是否变成了”郊区生物”?

📝 文章金句

1. “It is older people who create it, not the young themselves.”

   • 问题的制造者往往是指责者

2. “Being a problem gives you a certain identity.”

   • 存在感比完美更重要

3. “As if mere age were a reason for respect.”

   • 年龄不等于智慧

4. “Cosmic beings in violent and lovely contrast with suburban creatures.”

   • 生命力 vs 平庸性

🎓 写作启示

论证技巧:

1. 先破后立: 先驳斥错误观点,再建立正确观点
2. 以情动人: 用个人经历增强说服力
3. 对比鲜明: 用强烈对比突出观点

语言特色:

1. 修辞丰富: 比喻、反讽、排比
2. 用词精准: cosmic vs suburban / violent vs dreary
3. 句式多变: 长短句结合,节奏感强

✅ 总结

这篇文章是一篇关于代际关系的哲理散文,作者通过:

• 🔍 驳斥”青年问题”论
• 💭 回忆自身经历
• ❤️ 表达对年轻人的欣赏
• 🤝 主张平等对待

最终传达的核心价值观:

真正的尊重不是基于年龄,而是基于平等的人格;年轻人的价值不在于完美,而在于生命力和可能性。

题目

Given a binary search tree and the lowest and highest boundaries as L and R, trim the tree so that all its elements lies in [L, R] (R >= L). You might need to change the root of the tree, so the result should return the new root of the trimmed binary search tree.

Example 1:

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Input: 
    1
   / \
  0   2

  L = 1
  R = 2

Output: 
    1
      \
       2

Example 2:

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Input: 
    3
   / \
  0   4
   \
    2
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  1

  L = 1
  R = 3

Output: 
      3
     / 
   2   
  /
 1

难度

Easy

方法

采用递归的方法。如果root为空，则直接返回root; 如果root的值<L，表示root及其左子树所有节点都<L，那么需要改变root节点，从root.right中重新寻找root节点。同理，当root的值>R时，需要从root.left中重新寻找root节点。当L<=root.val<=R时，则递归处理root的左右子树。

python代码

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class TreeNode(object):
    def __init__(self, x):
        self.val = x
        self.left = None
        self.right = None

class Solution(object):
    def trimBST(self, root, L, R):
        if root == None:
            return None

        if root.val < L:
            return self.trimBST(root.right, L, R)
        if root.val > R:
            return self.trimBST(root.left, L, R)

        root.left = self.trimBST(root.left, L, R)
        root.right = self.trimBST(root.right, L, R)

        return root

root = TreeNode(1)
root.left = TreeNode(0)
root.right = TreeNode(2)
assert Solution().trimBST(root, 3, 4) == None

root = TreeNode(3)
root.left = TreeNode(0)
root.right = TreeNode(4)
root.left.right = TreeNode(2)
root.left.right.left = TreeNode(1)
root = Solution().trimBST(root, 1, 3)
assert root.val == 3
assert root.left.val == 2
assert root.right == None
assert root.left.left.val == 1

晚上11点前睡，你能做到吗？

1

前几天，北京大学法学院2017迎新典礼上，白建军教授给新生的建议火遍全网：“早睡早起+把微信朋友圈控制在10人以内+拒绝以陪读为目的的表白。这个办法能不能把你弄成精英中的精英，我不知道。但试过的，都说好。”

这3条建议中，我试过“早睡早起”这一条。抓住早睡这个突破点后，早起也能轻松上手，投资小，回报大，性价比高。

但我观察周围，这大约是个年轻人全民熬夜的年代。有人工作分工没办法，有人夜晚干活效率高，有人单纯性晚睡拖延症。许多人在睡觉方面缺乏自制力，晚上不想睡，手机像长在手上似的；早上起不来，醒来就跟闹钟置气，一天到晚觉得困。

原来在我们这个时代，早睡早起，真的变成了最知易行难的自律。

虽然网上不时会曝出因为熬夜导致健康受损甚至猝死的案例，不管当事人如何苦口婆心地劝诫一定要规律作息，千万不要熬夜，可还是有许多人会说，道理我们都知道的，可就是忍不住熬夜啊。

2

以前我在深圳工作时，有段时间早上五点多就起床，去附近的荔香公园快走。我发现这个时段公园里老年人的密度极高，他们神采奕奕地进行着做操、跑步、挥鞭等各种锻炼。

而我看到年轻人密度最高的时段是晚上。我有时加班到晚上十点多，在赶回家睡觉的路上，看到写字楼里还有大片灯光，商场周围还有K歌聚会，便利店里还有人进人出。

这好像一幕滑稽戏，早睡早起的老年人和晚睡晚起的年轻人，处于不同的时区。结果，老年人状态越来越燃，年轻人却越活越没精神。

其实，早睡早起，是性价比最高的自律。

前东家大领导30多岁那年，大病一场之后，作息习惯大换血，他把工作模式从没日没夜改为早睡早起，工作绩效不减反增；

我婶婶婚后越长越好看，随着年纪增长，她的皮肤却比初见时细腻白嫩了很多，她说因为自己单身时熬的夜，结婚后都戒了；

我早上五点多去公园的事迹被同事们听说后，都叉着腰笑我过着老年人的生活，可我那时的工作效率和身体状态都处于巅峰级别。

题目

Initially, there is a Robot at position (0, 0). Given a sequence of its moves, judge if this robot makes a circle, which means it moves back to the original place.

The move sequence is represented by a string. And each move is represent by a character. The valid robot moves are R(Right), L(Left), U(Up) and D(down). The output should be true or false representing whether the robot makes a circle.

Example 1:

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Input: "UD"
Output: true

Example 2:

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Input: "LL"
Output: false

难度

Easy

方法

对每个方向计数，如果L出现的次数==R出现的次数，并且U出现的次数==D出现的次数，则robot会回到初始位置，返回True；否则返回False

python代码

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class Solution(object):
    def judgeCircle(self, moves):
        """
        :type moves: str
        :rtype: bool
        """
        counter = {}
        for c in moves:
            counter[c] = counter.get(c, 0) + 1

        return counter.get("L") == counter.get("R") and counter.get("U") == counter.get("D")

assert Solution().judgeCircle("UD") == True
assert Solution().judgeCircle("LL") == False